ABSTRACT
Objective:To explore the chain mediating effect of core self-evaluation and social withdrawal on the relationship between peer relationship and depression symptoms of adolescents.Methods:From September 2020 to October 2020, a sample of 1 936 students from grade 4 to grade 9 of different schools completed a cross-section questionnaire survey including the inventory of parent and peer attachment, core self-evaluation scale, child social preference scale-R and depression self-rating scale for children.SPSS 21.0 and SPSS PROCESS macro program were used for data statistics.The statistical methods included analysis of variance, correlation analysis and intermediary effect test.Results:(1) Peer relationship (94.78±17.27) was positively correlated with core self-evaluation (34.14±7.52) ( r=0.50, P<0.01), and negatively correlated with depression (12.21±6.02) and social withdrawal (32.34±11.45) ( r=-0.55, -0.58, both P<0.01). Core self-evaluation was negatively associated with social withdrawal and depression symptoms ( r=-0.48, -0.67, both P<0.01), while social withdrawal and depression was positively correlated ( r=0.54, P<0.01). (2) Peer relationship had a significant direct effect on depression symptoms (the effect value=-0.205, P<0.01). Core self-evaluation and social withdrawal respectively separate mediated the effect of peer relationship on depression symptoms (the effect value=-0.231, -0.088, 95% CI=-0.261--0.202, -0.110--0.068), while the chain mediating effect of the two was significant, and the effect value was -0.025(95% CI=-0.033--0.019). Conclusion:Good peer relationship can lead to higher core self-evaluation and less social withdrawal behaviors in adolescents that serves as buffer from depression.
ABSTRACT
Objective:To observe the effect of repeated, bilateral administration of high-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in treating post-stroke dysphagia.Methods:Forty-five persons with post-stroke dysphagia were randomly divided into a bilateral group ( n=14 after one dropout), an affected group ( n=15) and a healthy group ( n=15). All received 30 minutes of conventional swallowing rehabilitation training 5 times a week for 2 weeks from a speech therapist. Those in the affected group also received 5Hz rTMS applied to the motor cortex controlling the suprachyoid muscle group. The bilateral group received the same stimulation bilaterally with the same duration and treatment course. Videofluoroscopy was used to assess their swallowing before and after the 2 weeks of treatment. It was rated using the penetration-aspiration scale (PAS) and the functional swallowing disorder scale (FDS). Surface electromyography was employed to evaluate suprachyoid muscle function. Cortical excitability was assessed by measuring the resting motor threshold (RMT) of the unaffected hemisphere. Results:After the treatment, the average PAS, FDS and muscle function values had improved significantly for all three groups, but significant RMT differences were observed only between the bilateral and the unaffected group. Significant differences in the average FDS and PAS scores were observed after the treatment, as well as significant changes in FDS and muscle function between the affected group and the other two groups. The average FDS scores before and after treatment were significantly different between the unaffected and bilateral group, with the former scoring significantly better than the latter. But no significant differences in the average PAS scores were observed after the treatment.Conclusions:5Hz rTMS of either the unaffected or affected cerebral cortex (or bilateral) can effectively improve the swallowing function of persons with post-stroke dysphagia. Bilateral stimulation has the greatest therapeutic effect, followed by stimulation of the unaffected cerebral cortex.